Toulouse: The EU Space Act has reached the stage where governments and lawmakers disagree on its core design, and the argument centres on how it should relate to the NIS2 cybersecurity directive. The Commission published the proposal on 25 June 2025, and the Council and Parliament have since produced competing texts on scope, cybersecurity, authorisation and penalties. As of 15 July 2026, Parliament had yet to adopt its first-reading position on the Space Act.
The Commission wants the Space Act to act as a special law that replaces NIS2 for space operators. The Council softens that approach and says the Act applies without prejudice to NIS2, so the resilience chapter would cover operators below the NIS2 thresholds and operators from outside the Union. Parliament goes furthest, because it deletes the resilience chapter and amends the space sector in NIS2 instead. Law firm analysis by Gleiss Lutz says that choice aims to avoid dual regulation.
Scope is the second battleground. The Council and Parliament both remove international organisations from the Space Act’s direct scope, which would make them subject to the rules only through an international agreement with the Union. Parliament also widens the defence and national security exemption from space objects to space-based data and services. The rapporteur, Elena Donazzan, drafted the Parliament report, which ITRE published in a draft dated 3 March 2026.
Rules for authorisation would change as well. The Commission proposed a decision period of twelve months, and Parliament would halve it to six months and add deemed authorisation if an authority fails to decide. Gleiss Lutz notes it is unclear whether such deemed approval would carry legal effect. On penalties, the Commission proposed fines capped at 2 percent of worldwide turnover where profit cannot be calculated, whereas Parliament would limit penalties to operators of Union-owned assets, non-EU operators and international organisations.
Application dates remain open. The Commission aimed for 1 January 2030, while the Council and Parliament favour application 36 months after entry into force. Hogan Lovells expects trilogues and says adoption before late 2027 is unlikely, with entry into force around 2030 and possibly 2031. That forecast is the firm’s estimate, and the three sources I reviewed do not report a Council general approach or a committee vote.
Satellite operators and launch firms need clarity soon. Most of the facts above come from law firm summaries, not the official texts, so companies should check the Parliament and Council records before they plan investments around the Space Act. The next test is whether the institutions can settle the NIS2 question, because the answer will decide how many rulebooks space businesses must follow.





