The European Anti-Fraud Office’s latest annual stocktake landed in late April with a number that anchored the rest of the document: €597 million recommended for recovery to the European Union budget for 2025, alongside €18.1 million in spending the office says it prevented from being unduly disbursed. Taken together, OLAF’s 2025 financial recommendations come to €615.1 million, a figure director-general Ville Italä’s team is using to argue that the case for a well-resourced central anti-fraud function has rarely been stronger as the EU enters the closing year of the 2021 to 2027 financial framework and begins legislative work on the next.
Volumes tell their own story. OLAF closed 209 investigations in 2025 and opened 254 new ones, a turnover that the office attributes to faster intake screening and a heavier reliance on automated cross-checks between customs, transport and trade datasets. Cohesion policy remains the single largest spending exposure, followed by agricultural and maritime policy, direct expenditure managed by the Commission itself, and external aid. The decade-long breakdown that accompanies the 2025 report is, in many respects, the more politically salient figure: €8.3 billion in cumulative recovery recommendations and €873 million in prevented spending across 2016 to 2025, with €6.8 billion of that already retrieved or formally protected.
Two operational threads dominated the case file last year and continue to shape current enforcement. The first is the circumvention of restrictive measures against Russia and Belarus. The vehicle file announced in January, in which OLAF traced 766 used vehicles declared for Türkiye but rerouted through Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Moldova, has expanded into a wider sanctions enforcement architecture involving Polish customs, the European Public Prosecutor’s Office and partner authorities in Ukraine. The second thread, more bluntly fiscal, is the abuse of transit and customs procedure 42. A single investigation closed at the end of April 2026 quantified €118 million in evaded customs duties and €79 million in lost VAT on imports of undeclared goods routed through the transit procedure and a chain of dormant importers.
Council ministers picked up that file at their 5 May 2026 meeting, where finance ministers signed off on a general approach to a Commission proposal that widens data sharing between national tax administrations, customs authorities, Europol, Eurojust, OLAF and the European Public Prosecutor’s Office on cross-border VAT fraud. The agreement extends access to Eurofisc data, the dedicated network created in 2010, to the EU’s investigative and judicial bodies for the first time and aligns the treatment of VAT carousel cases with the broader missing trader intra-community fraud playbook that has cost national exchequers tens of billions of euros over the past decade. The European Public Prosecutor’s Office has independently estimated €45 billion in damages from customs and VAT fraud schemes uncovered across its first operational cycle, a figure that has helped move the file off the Council’s technical track and into a deliverable for the 2026 fiscal sovereignty package.
The 2025 report also introduces something that has been quietly lobbied for inside the Berlaymont and on the Parliament’s budgetary control committee: a section of recommended actions for stakeholders, ranging from managing authorities of cohesion programmes to private compliance functions at logistics operators. It is an attempt to convert OLAF’s investigative findings into upstream prevention rather than only downstream recovery, and it will be tested against the early returns from the 2026 case pipeline, which is already showing a heavier weighting toward green transition spending, defence procurement irregularities and dual-use export controls.




